Space debris, also known as “space junk,” has become a significant concern for satellite operations and future space missions. This debris consists of defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments from collisions or explosions in orbit. As of 2023, over 34,000 pieces of debris larger than 10 cm are tracked in Earth’s orbit, and millions of smaller pieces remain untraceable but pose a risk to active satellites and spacecraft.
The problem is particularly acute in low Earth orbit (LEO), where most satellites operate. Collisions with even small pieces of debris can cause severe damage to satellites or render them inoperable. One of the most notable incidents occurred in 2009 when a defunct Russian satellite collided with an operational Iridium satellite, creating over 1,000 new debris pieces.
Governments and space agencies have recognized the growing threat of space debris and are implementing measures to mitigate its impact. Organizations like the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA have set guidelines requiring new satellites to deorbit or move to “graveyard” orbits after their operational life ends. Additionally, debris removal technologies are being developed, such as robotic arms, harpoons, and nets designed to capture and safely dispose of debris.
Companies are also contributing to debris mitigation efforts. For example, SpaceX is equipping its Starlink satellites with deorbiting mechanisms that allow them to burn up in Earth’s atmosphere at the end of their service life.
The space industry must continue to innovate and implement policies to manage the growing debris problem, ensuring the long-term sustainability of space operations. As satellite constellations proliferate, addressing space debris becomes more urgent for the future of space exploration and satellite services.